Here are the most commonly used substitutions:

Rosemary can be used in place of any other herb
Rose can be used in place of any flower
Frankincense or Copal can be used in place of any Gum Resin
Sage can substitute for any mint
Tobacco can be used in place of any poisonous herb



Herb - Substitute
ACACIA - Gum Arabic
ACACIA GUM - Gum Arabic
ACONITE - Tobacco
ARABIC, GUM - Frankincense; Gum Mastic; Gum Tragacanth (for binding wet ingredients, not for incense use)
AMBERGRIS - Artificial Ambergris, Cypress Oil with a few drops of Pachouli Oil
AMMONIAC, GUM - Asafoetida
ASAFOETIDA -Tobacco; Valerian
BALM OF GILEAD - Rose buds; Gum Mastic
BDELLIUM GUM - Copal, Pine Resin, Dragon's Blood
BELLADONNA - Tobacco
BENZOIN - Gum Arabic; Gum Mastic
CACHANA - Angelica root
CAMPHOR OIL - Eucalyptus oil; Lavender oil
CARNATION - Rose petals anointed with a few drops Clove oil
CASSIA - Cinnamon (Cinnamon sold in the U.S. is actually less expensive cassua)
CASTOR BEAN - A few drops Castor oil
CEDAR - Sandalwood
CINQUEFOIL - Clover; Trefoil
CINTRON - Equal parts Orange peel and Lemon peel
CLOVE - Mace; Nutmeg
CLOVER - Cinquefoil
COPAL - Frankincense; Cedar
COWBANE - Tobacco
CYPRESS - Juniper; Pine needles
DITTANY OF CRETE - Gum Mastic
DRAGON'S BLOOD - Equal parts Frankincense and Red Sandalwood
EUCALYPTUS OIL - Camphor oil; Lavender oil
EUPHORBIUM - Tobacco
FRANKINCENSE - Copal, Pine Resin
GALANGAL - Ginger Root
GRAINS OF PARADISE - Black Pepper
GUM ACACIA - Gum Arabic
GUM AMMONIAC - Asafoetida
GUM ARABIC - Frankincense, Gum Mastic
GUM BDELLUM - Copal, Pine Resin, Dragon's Blood
HELLBORE - Tobacco, Nettle
HEMLOCK - Tobacco
HEMP - Nutmeg, Damiana, Star Anise, Bay
HENBANE - Tobacco
HYSSOP - Lavender
IVY - Cinquefoil
JASMINE - Rose
JUNIPER - Pine
LAVENDER - Rose
LEMONGRASS - Lemon Peel
LEMON PEEL - Lemongrass
LEMON VERBENA - Lemongrass, Lemon Peel
LODESTONE - A magnet or hematite
MACE - Nutmeg
MANDRAKE - Tobacco
MASTIC GUM - Gum Arabic, Frankincense
MISTLETOE - Mint, Sage
MUGWORT - Wormwood, Tobacco
NEROLI OIL - Orange Oil
NIGHTSHADE - Tobacco
NUTMEG - Mace, Cinnamon
OAKMOSS - Patchouli
ORANGE - Tangerine Peel
ORANGE FLOWERS - Orange Peel
PATCHOULI - Oakmoss
PEPPERWORT - Rue, Grains Of Paradise, Black Pepper
PINE - Juniper
PINE RESIN - Frankincense, Copal
RED SANDALWOOD - Sandalwood with a pinch of Dragon's Blood
ROSE - Yarrow
ROSE GERANIUM - Rose
RUE - Rosemary with a pinch of Black Pepper
SAFFRON - Orange Peel
SANDALWOOD - Cedar
SARSAPARILLA - Sassafras
SASSAFRASS - Sarsaparilla
SPEARMINT - Peppermint
SULFUR - Tobacco, Club Moss, Asafoetida
THYME - Rosemary
TOBACCO - Bay
TONKA BEAN - Deerstongue, Woodruff, Vanila Bean
VALERIAN - Asafoetida
VANILLA - Woodruff, Deerstongue, Tonka Bean
VETIVERT - Calamus
WOLFSBANE - Tobacco
WOOD ALOE - Sandalwood sprinkled with Ambergris Oil
WOODRUFF - Deerstongue, Vanilla
WORMWOOD - Mugwort, Tobacco
YARROW - Rose
YEW - Tobacco